D4.27 Guide to options for hard-to-decarbonise bus routes

Limits to battery electric bus range make some European local bus routes hard to decarbonise. Our work analyses the cheapest options for these routes - including use of secondary heaters, remote opportunity chargers, and deployment of extra buses - and quantifies the green hydrogen price required to compete against them. However, cost is not the only factor to consider: We outline a strategic approach that first asks how much operational, and scheduling flexibility exists, and how much financial, process and policy risk can be managed. We have written an introductory guide to options for hard-to-decarbonise local bus routes, supported by a detailed technical analysis and evidence base.